The term “inotrope” is familiar and intimately connected with pharmaceuticals clinically used
for treatment of low cardiac output with cardiogenic shock. Traditional inotropic agents exert …

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a widespread chronic medical condition with prevalence
bordering on the verge of an epidemic. It is of great concern that cardiovascular disease is …

Calcium is a versatile and dynamic 2nd messenger that is essential for the survival of all
higher organisms. In cells that undergo activation or excitation, calcium is released from the …

Rationale: Angiotensin (Ang) II–induced apoptosis was reported to be mediated by different
signaling molecules. Whether these molecules are either interconnected in a single pathway …

The renin-angiotensin (Ang) system plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of
cardiovascular disease, with Ang II being the major effector of this system. Multiple lines of …

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of molecules involved in signal
transduction across membranes, and represent major targets in the development of novel …

Mitochondria represent major sources of basal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of
the cardiomyocyte. The role of ROS as signaling molecules that mediate different …

Aims Hypertension is accompanied by structural remodelling of vascular extracellular matrix
(ECM). Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) inhibits matrix metalloproteinases …

The end-stage of the clinical combination of heart failure and kidney disease has become
known as cardiorenal syndrome. Adverse consequences related to diabetes …

Sympathetic overdrive, activation of renin angiotensin systems (RAS), and oxidative stress
are vitally involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiovascular remodeling. We …