Cholinergic synapses are ubiquitous in the human central nervous system. Their high
density in the thalamus, striatum, limbic system, and neocortex suggest that cholinergic …

The variety of physiological functions controlled by dopamine in the brain and periphery is
mediated by the D 1, D 2, D 3, D 4 and D 5 dopamine GPCRs. Drugs acting on dopamine …

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have many benefits but also many side effects, including
aggression, agitation, and irritability, in some patients with epilepsy. This article offers a …

Depression is a multicausal disorder and has been associated with the risk to develop
cancer, dementia, diabetes, epilepsy and stroke. As a metabolic disorder depression has …

Psychiatric illnesses may be qualified to the cellular impairments of the function for survival
or death in neurons, which may consequently appear as abnormalities in the neuroplasticity …

For more than 60 years, the mood stabilizer lithium has been used alone or in combination
for the treatment of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, and other mental illnesses …

After decades of research, the mechanism of action of lithium in preventing recurrences of
bipolar disorder remains only partially understood. Lithium research is complicated by the …

Several pharmacological agents acting on monoamine neurotransmission are used for the
management of mental illnesses. Regulation of PI3K/AKT and GSK3 pathways may …

Major depression is a common, recurrent mental illness that affects millions of people
worldwide. Recently, a unique fast neuroprotective and antidepressant treatment effect has …

The mortality rate of patients with schizophrenia is high, and life expectancy is shorter by 10
to 20 years. Metabolic abnormalities including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among …