This review presents the hypothesis that the best way to consider the pedunculopontine
tegmental nucleus is by analogy with the substantia nigra. The substantia nigra contains two …

Abstract Study Objectives: This mini-review considers certain factors related to the
developmental decrease in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which occurs in favor of …

We found previously that damage to a cluster of sleep-active neurons (Fos-positive during
sleep) in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) decreases non-rapid eye movement …

Microinjections of the excitatory amino acid, L‐glutamate into the cholinergic cell
compartment of the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) of the rat induces both wakefulness …

Abstract γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic neurons are widely distributed in brainstem
structures involved in the regulation of the sleep‐wake cycle, locomotion, and attention …

Sleep and wakefulness are complex, tightly regulated behaviors that occur in virtually all
animals. With recent exciting developments in neuroscience methodologies such as …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or paradoxical sleep is an elusive behavioral state. Since
its discovery in the 1950s, our knowledge of the neuroanatomy, neurotransmitters and …

The present study was to determine how afferents from the substantia nigra pars reticulata
(SNr) of the basal ganglia to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) in the …

Recent experiments suggest that brainstem GABAergic neurons may control rapid‐eye‐
movement (REM) sleep. However, understanding their pharmacology/physiology has been …

Anandamide (ANA) alters sleep by increasing the amount of time spent in slow wave sleep 2
(SWS2) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) at the expense of wakefulness (W) in rats. In …