On the basis of its generally accessible I/II redox couple and bioavailability, copper plays a
wide variety of roles in nature that mostly involve electron transfer (ET), O 2 binding …

The global shrimp industry still faces various serious disease-related problems that are
mainly caused by pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Understanding the host defense …

A major innate defense system in invertebrates is the melanization of pathogens and
damaged tissues. This important process is controlled by the enzyme phenoloxidase (PO) …

Cell-mediated immunity in arthropods: Hematopoiesis, coagulation, melanization and
opsonization - ScienceDirect Skip to main contentSkip to article Elsevier logo Journals & Books …

Insect prophenoloxidase (PPO) is an important innate immunity protein due to its
involvement in cellular and humoral defense. It belongs to a group of type-3 copper …

Many innate immune mechanisms are conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Manduca
sexta, a widely used model for insect biochemical research, employs these mechanisms to …

CLIP proteases are non-digestive serine proteases present in hemolymph of insects and
other arthropods. They are composed of one or more amino-terminal clip domains followed …

Insect life on earth is greatly diversified despite being exposed to several infectious agents
due to their diverse habitats and ecological niche. One of the major factors responsible for …

Lepidopteran insects provide important model systems for innate immunity of insects,
particularly for cell biology of hemocytes and biochemical analyses of plasma proteins …

Arthropods have open circulatory systems and must seal wounds and keep bacteria from
entering the hemocoel using efficient clotting systems. Enzymes that crosslink the clot …