The field of cAMP signaling is witnessing exciting developments with the recognition that
cAMP is compartmentalized and that spatial regulation of cAMP is critical for faithful signal …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) catalyse the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and
cyclic GMP, thereby regulating the intracellular concentrations of these cyclic nucleotides …

A growing number of studies are revealing that cells can send and receive information by
controlling the temporal behavior (dynamics) of their signaling molecules. In this Review, we …

The superfamily of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is comprised of 11
families of enzymes. PDEs break down cAMP and/or cGMP and are major determinants of …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that regulate the cellular levels
of the second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, by controlling their rates of degradation. There …

The β1-and β2-adrenergic receptors (βARs) on the surface of cardiomyocytes mediate
distinct effects on cardiac function and the development of heart failure by regulating …

G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are generally thought to signal to second
messengers like cyclic AMP (cAMP) from the cell surface and to become internalized upon …

Contraction and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and cardiac myocytes are key
physiological events in the cardiovascular system. These events are regulated by second …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that have the unique function of
terminating cyclic nucleotide signaling by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP and GMP. They …

Cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) mediates a wide spectrum of physiologic
processes in multiple cell types within the cardiovascular system. Dysfunctional signaling at …