As the oil is leaked continuously and ignited during its production, transportation, storage,
and use, a spill fire with a dynamically changing burning area is naturally formed, which is a …

As the preferred medium for tunnel energy storage system (TESS), lithium-ion batteries
(LIBs) are widely used in tunnel lighting, ventilation, fire protection, monitoring, and …

Tunnel fire is one of the most severe global fire hazards and causes a significant amount of
economic losses and casualties every year. Over the last 50 years, numerous full-scale and …

The critical velocity and the backlayering length of smoke in tunnel fires are the two most
important parameters in longitudinal ventilation design. This paper deduced the …

A series of experiments were carried out in a model-scale tunnel [72 m (length)× 1.5 m
(width)× 1.3 m (height)] to investigate the buoyant flow stratification behaviors in a tunnel fire …

When a fire occurs in an inclined tunnel, the tunnel inlet air velocity induced by the stack
effect will help to prevent the smoke backflow. This work presents numerical studies on the …

Under the influences of the chimney effect and longitudinal ventilation, the risks of
continuous spill fires in inclined tunnels are catastrophic with great complexity and …

The present study investigates the maximum temperature and smoke back-layering length S
in the downhill direction from the fire source in a tilted tunnel under natural ventilation …

This paper investigates experimentally the thermal buoyant smoke back-layering flow length
beneath the tunnel ceiling with combination ceiling extraction and longitudinal ventilation …

A method and a thorough demonstration combining supercomputing and machine learning
(ML) were proposed to help quickly predict the spread of fire smoke in mine tunnels. 1000 …