Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) generate the second messenger cAMP from ATP. Mammalian cells
express nine transmembrane AC (mAC) isoforms (AC1–9) and a soluble AC (sAC, also …

A large range of neuroadaptations develop in response to chronic opioid exposure and
these are thought to be more or less critical for expression of the major features of opioid …

Targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors with the oral immunomodulator drug FTY720
(fingolimod) has demonstrated substantial efficacy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The …

It is now established that airway smooth muscle (ASM) has roles in determining airway
structure and function, well beyond that as the major contractile element. Indeed, changes in …

Adaptation of the nervous system to different chemical and physiologic conditions is
important for the homeostasis of brain processes and for learning and remembering …

Morphine exhibits important pharmacological effects for which it has been used in medical
practice for quite a long time. However, it has a high addictive potential and can be abused …

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises two cognate endocannabinoid receptors
referred to as CB1R and CB2R. ECS dysregulation is apparent in neurodegenerative/neuro …

It has become clear in recent years that multiple signal transduction pathways are employed
upon GPCR activation. One of the major cellular effectors activated by GPCRs is …

The modulation of host cell apoptosis by bacterial pathogens is of critical importance for the
outcome of the infection process. The capacity of Bartonella henselae and B. quintana to …

It is widely accepted that changes underlying depression and antidepressant‐like effects
involve not only alterations in the levels of neurotransmitters as monoamines and their …