Women are at twice the risk for anxiety and depression disorders as men are, although the
underlying biological factors and mechanisms are largely unknown. In this review, we …

Although hormones such as glucocorticoids have been broadly accepted in recent decades
as general neuromodulators of memory processes, sex steroid hormones such as the potent …

Sex differences are reported in hippocampal plasticity, cognition, and in a number of
disorders that target the integrity of the hippocampus. For example, meta-analyses reveal …

Background Ovarian hormone fluctuations over the rodent estrous cycle and the human
menstrual cycle are known to significantly impact brain physiology and disease risk, yet this …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

It is well established that estrogens affect neuroplasticity in a number of brain regions. In
particular, estrogens modulate and mediate spine and synapse formation as well as …

Estrogen Actions in the Central Nervous System* | Endocrine Reviews | Oxford Academic
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Estrogen is an important hormone signal that regulates multiple tissues and functions in the
body. This review focuses on the neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of estrogen in the …

Besides affecting the hypothalamus and other brain areas related to reproduction, ovarian
steroids have widespread effects throughout the brain, on serotonin pathways …

The recently implemented National Institutes of Health policy requiring that grant applicants
consider sex as a biological variable in the design of basic and preclinical animal research …