The skin is a complex organ that has devised numerous strategies, such as physical,
chemical, and microbiological barriers, to protect the host from external insults. In addition …

Sepsis occurs when an infection exceeds local tissue containment and induces a series of
dysregulated physiologic responses that result in organ dysfunction. A subset of patients …

In addition to the roles of endothelial cells (ECs) in physiological processes, ECs actively
participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. We previously reported that, in …

Wound healing is a dynamic and highly regulated process that can be separated into three
overlapping and interdependent phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. This …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, a key
component of the innate immune system. TLRs detect invading pathogens and initiate an …

The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of
microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of …

Immunity in higher organisms can be broadly categorized into adaptive immunity and innate
immunity. Adaptive immunity is mediated by clonally distributed T and B lymphocytes which …

Recognition of pathogens is mediated by a set of germline-encoded receptors that are
referred to as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors recognize conserved …

Inflammation participates importantly in host defenses against infectious agents and injury,
but it also contributes to the pathophysiology of many chronic diseases. Interactions of cells …

Initiation and perpetuation of the inflammatory intestinal responses in inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD) may result from an exaggerated host defense reaction of the intestinal …