RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated
protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of …

Mitochondria participate in crucial cellular processes such as energy harvesting and
intermediate metabolism. Although mitochondria possess their own genome—a vestige of …

Because of the ongoing pandemic around the world, the mechanisms underlying the SARS-
CoV-2-induced COVID-19 are subject to intense investigation. Based on available data for …

The COVID-19 pandemic has been the primary global health issue since its outbreak in
December 2019. Patients with metabolic syndrome suffer from severe complications and a …

The main features that are commonly attributed to mitochondria consist of the regulation of
cell proliferation, ATP generation, cell death and metabolism. However, recent scientific …

Microglia are the main immune cells in the brain and have roles in brain homeostasis and
neurological diseases. Mechanisms underlying microglia–neuron communication remain …

Cardiovascular disease is a major leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United
States and elsewhere. Alterations in mitochondrial function are increasingly being …

Cells are equipped with mechanisms that allow them to rapidly detect and respond to
viruses. These defense mechanisms rely partly on receptors that monitor the cytosol for the …

The production of various reactive oxidant species in excess of endogenous antioxidant
defense mechanisms promotes the development of a state of oxidative stress, with …

The past 15 years have seen enormous advances in our understanding of the receptor and
signalling systems that allow dendritic cells (DCs) to respond to pathogens or other danger …