One of the most widely used electric field sensors for low-frequency electric field detection
(LFEFD) in seawater uses the Ag/AgCl electrode. The surface structure of the electrode …

Various wireless sensors in the Internet of Things (IoT) systems have been adopted in ocean
exploration, with increasing energy supply concern. Regarding the marine environment, self …

The imposed interference by the signal electrodes limits the expansion of the measurement
range in electromagnetic flow sensors (EFS). This is because the interference makes it …

A major concern in the development of three-dimensional (3D) microelectromechanical
system electric field sensors (EFSs) is space charge interference. With space charges in the …

Abstract Maintenance-free, cost-effective, and long-lasting potentiometric sensors are highly
anticipated for marine detection. Solid-state silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) is considered the …

Carbon fibers (CF) have triggered extensive interest with the progress of multifarious marine
electric field sensor devices owing largely to their high flexibility, good conductivity and …

The underwater electric field (UEF) signature of a ship is a key factor in its survivability in
marine warfare. Moreover, the study of a ship's UEF using scale models of ships in pools …

This paper describes a Ag/AgCl electrochemical electrode for marine electric field
measurements, which was prepared by depositing silver chloride on a silver foil substrate …

Earth magnetic field sensors are used to detect the geomagnetic field and are critical for
research in the geosciences and in prospecting for mineral resources. Today, the …

Expendable current profilers (XCPs) have been employed for years to detect marine
currents. However, the investigation of both the electric performance and the fabrication of …