Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are facing complex environmental change.
Their native biota has adapted to the region's extreme conditions over many millions of …

Alien microbes, fungi, plants and animals occur on most of the sub-Antarctic islands and
some parts of the Antarctic continent. These have arrived over approximately the last two …

To understand how planet Earth works we study it increasingly as a system–a collection of
interdependent parts or spheres–the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the …

Knowledge of Antarctic biotas and environments has increased dramatically in recent years.
There has also been a rapid increase in the use of novel technologies. Despite this, some …

Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems experience some of the most extreme growth conditions on
Earth and are characterized by extreme aridity and subzero temperatures. Antarctic …

Antarctica and its surrounding islands lie at one extreme of global variation in diversity.
Typically, these regions are characterized as being species poor and having simple food …

Recent analyses of Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity data, in combination with molecular
biological studies, have created a new paradigm that long-term persistence and regional …

The Antarctic biota is highly endemic, and the diversity and abundance of taxonomic groups
differ from elsewhere in the world. Such characteristics have resulted from evolution in …

We report a meta‐analysis of data from 34 field studies into the effects of ultraviolet B (UVB)
radiation on Arctic and Antarctic bryophytes and angiosperms. The studies measured plant …

Antarctic terrestrial biota are generally limited by the inexorably linked environmental factors
of low summer temperature and lack of available water. However, in parts of the Antarctic …