Bacteria are under immense evolutionary pressure from their viral invaders—
bacteriophages. Bacteria have evolved numerous immune mechanisms, both innate and …

Background Technologies for making and manipulating DNA have enabled advances in
biology ever since the discovery of the DNA double helix. But introducing site-specific …

CRISPR–Cas adaptive immune systems are widespread among bacteria and archaea.
Recent studies have shown that these systems have minimal long-term evolutionary effects …

Bacteria–phage coevolution, the reciprocal evolution between bacterial hosts and the
phages that infect them, is an important driver of ecological and evolutionary processes in …

This year marks the tenth anniversary of the identification of the biological function of
CRISPR–Cas as adaptive immune systems in bacteria. In just a decade, the characterization …

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and associated
proteins (Cas) comprise the CRISPR-Cas system, which confers adaptive immunity against …

Highlights•CRISPR–Cas systems provide adaptive immunity against viruses in bacteria and
archaea.•Small-interfering RNAs guide nucleases for specific cleavage of complementary …

Recent advances in environmental genomics have provided unprecedented opportunities
for the investigation of viruses in natural settings. Yet, our knowledge of viral biogeographic …

Prokaryotes encode adaptive immune systems, called CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats–CRISPR associated), to provide resistance against …

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) together with
associated sequences (cas) form the CRISPR‐Cas system, which provides adaptive …