BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

One leading hypothesis suggests that memories are stored in ensembles of neurons (or
'engram cells') and that successful recall involves reactivation of these ensembles. A logical …

Since its development about 40 years ago (1981–2021), Morris water maze has turned into
a very popular tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Its many advantages have …

Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates
of memory–the so-called memory “engram”. Here, we integrate recent progress in the …

Episodic memory reflects the ability to recollect the temporal and spatial context of past
experiences. Episodic memories depend on the hippocampus but have been proposed to …

What happens to memories as days, weeks and years go by has long been a fundamental
question in neuroscience and psychology. For decades, researchers have attempted to …

Conscious memory for a new experience is initially dependent on information stored in both
the hippocampus and neocortex. Systems consolidation is the process by which the …

Recent studies on the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex have considerably advanced
our understanding of the distinct roles of these brain areas in the encoding and retrieval of …

In the brain, neuronal gene expression is dynamically changed in response to neuronal
activity. In particular, the expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs) such as egr-1, c-fos …

Increased fear memory generalization is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, but
the circuit mechanisms that regulate memory specificity remain unclear. Here, we define a …