Addictive drugs have in common that they are voluntarily self-administered by laboratory
animals (usually avidly), and that they enhance the functioning of the reward circuitry of the …

The goal of this review is to provide a perspective on the nature and importance of the
relationship between the circadian and pain systems. We provide: 1) An overview of the …

Lidocaine, as the only local anesthetic approved for intravenous administration in the clinic,
can relieve neuropathic pain, hyperalgesia, and complex regional pain syndrome …

Chronic ulcers are characterized by loss of substance without a normal tendency towards
spontaneous healing. The Wound Bed Preparation Guideline advises that after diagnosis …

Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) for the treatment of chronic pain has become an
increasingly important field in the arena of neuromodulation, given the ongoing advances in …

Nerve damage takes place during surgery. As a consequence, significant numbers (10%–
40%) of patients experience chronic neuropathic pain termed surgically induced …

Objective The objective of the study was to synthesize the epidemiological findings for the
associations between dysmenorrhea, including primary dysmenorrhea and endometriosis …

Sports and orthopaedic physical therapists have long used a multitude of techniques in
order to address pain and dysfunction associated with myofascial trigger points. One …

Opioids are the oldest and most potent drugs for the treatment of severe pain. Their clinical
application is undisputed in acute pain (eg associated with trauma or surgery) but their long …

Pain is a classical sign of inflammation, and sensitization of primary sensory neurons (PSN)
is the most important mediating mechanism. This mechanism involves direct action of …