Although opioids are highly effective for the treatment of pain, they are also known to be
intensely addictive. There has been a massive research investment in the development of …

Cloning of multiple opioid receptors has presented opportunities to investigate the
mechanisms of multiple opioid receptor signaling and the regulation of these signals. The …

The midbrain region periaqueductal grey (PAG) is rich in opioid receptors and endogenous
opioids and is a major target of analgesic action in the central nervous system. It has been …

Since the first description of their opioid properties three decades ago, dynorphins have
increasingly been thought to play a regulatory role in numerous functional pathways of the …

μ-Opioid receptors are the pharmacological targets of endogenous opioid peptides and
morphine-like alkaloid drugs. Previous studies of transfected cells and peripheral neurons …

Repeated THC administration produces motivational and somatic adaptive changes leading
to dependence in rodents. To investigate the molecular basis for cannabinoid dependence …

Opiates are analgesics of choice in the treatment of chronic pain, but their long-term use
leads to the development of physiological tolerance. Thus, understanding the mechanisms …

Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the
treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance …

From the demonstration of the existence of multiple opioid receptors and the isolation of the
endogenous opioid peptides in the brain, it is now clear that the activities of these receptors …

It is now well established that opiate drugs, such as heroin and morphine exert their primary
effects by mimicking naturally occurring substances, termed the opioid peptides or …