I review evidence that individuals associate themselves—or identify—with groups in two
fundamental ways: ingroup bias and conformity to group norms. The evidence spans many …

This paper examines whether propaganda broadcast over radio helped to change
interethnic attitudes in postgenocide Rwanda. We exploit variation in exposure to the …

Are identities fungible? How do people come to identify with specific groups? This paper
proposes a revealed preference approach, using food consumption to uncover ethnic and …

We provide microeconomic evidence on ethnic frictions and market efficiency, using dyadic
data on managers and borrowers from a large Indian bank. We conjecture that, if exposure …

Can participation in financial markets lead individuals to reevaluate the costs of conflict,
change their political attitudes, and even their votes? Prior to the 2015 Israeli elections, we …

This paper examines whether the first and second waves of protest that gripped Egypt
starting in January 2011 affected electoral choices in Egypt's first free presidential elections …

We filmed videos of criminal trials using three-dimensional virtual reality (VR) technology,
prosecuted by actual prosecutors and defended by actual defense attorneys in a real …

This paper examines the crucial role that justice institutions play in economic development,
conflict, and trust in institutions. The empirical evidence shows that justice institutions have a …

We examine whether affirmative action produces backlash effects for the most privileged
ethnic group by exploiting a unique historical setting originating from a forced assimilation …

How does ethnic politics affect the state's ability to provide policing services? Using a panel
of administrative personnel data on the full careers of 6,784 police officers, we show how the …