Evolution selects for traits that are of adaptive value and increase the fitness of an individual
or population. Numerical competence, the ability to estimate and process the number of …

The ability to use quantitative information is thought to be adaptive in a wide range of
ecological contexts. For nearly a century, the numerical abilities of mammals and birds have …

Numerical cognition is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Domestic chicks are a widely used
developmental model for studying numerical cognition. Soon after hatching, chicks can …

Whether animals have subjective experiences about the content of their sensory input, ie,
whether they are aware of stimuli, is a notoriously difficult question to answer. If …

Evidence is discussed about the use of geometric information for spatial orientation and the
association between space and numbers in non-human animals. A variety of vertebrate …

In recent years, a rapidly increasing number of scientific papers have been published that
utilize zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an alternative model organism in the study of a wide range …

Debates have arisen as to whether non-human animals actually can learn abstract non-
symbolic numerousness or whether they always rely on some continuous physical aspect of …

An ability to estimate quantities, such as the number of conspecifics or the size of a predator,
has been reported in vertebrates. Fish, in particular zebrafish, may be instrumental in …

The ability to estimate quantity, which is crucially important in several aspects of animal
behaviour (eg foraging), has been extensively investigated in most taxa, with the exception …

Brains that are capable of representing numerosity, the number of items in a set, have arisen
repeatedly and independently in different animal taxa. This review compares the cognitive …