Background: The lifetime prevalence of spinal pain has been reported as 54% to 80%, with
as many as 60% of patients continuing to have chronic pain five years or longer after the …

Background: Available evidence documents a wide degree of variance in the definition and
practice of interventional pain management. Objective: To provide evidence-based clinical …

Background: Comprehensive, evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in
the management of chronic spinal pain are described here to provide recommendations for …

Moderate to strong evidence was shown for multiple therapeutic interventional techniques
including medial branch blocks and medial branch neurotomy; caudal epidural steroid …

Background: Epidural fibrosis has been implicated in the etiology of persistent pain after
back surgery (Failed Back Surgery Syndrome [FBSS]). Using spinal endoscopy to view the …

Background. Lumbar spinal stenosis causes various forms of back or leg pain, and is
recognized with increasing frequency in elderly patients whose physical status is not always …

Background and Objectives: It has been claimed that epiduroscopy offers an ideal
combination of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in one session. We prospectively …

Background. Chronic sciatica can be managed by caudal steroid epidural or by targeted
steroid placement during spinal endoscopy. Spinal endoscopy is a new unproven …

As our population ages and the rate of spine surgery continues to rise, the use epidural lysis
of adhesions (LOA) has emerged as a popular treatment to treat spinal stenosis and failed …

Background: Chronic refractory low back and lower extremity pain is frustrating to treat.
Percutaneous adhesiolysis and spinal endoscopy are techniques which can treat chronic …