The brain and gastrointestinal tract are critical sensory organs responsible for detecting,
relaying, integrating, and responding to signals derived from the internal and external …

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid critical for protein synthesis in humans that has
emerged as a key player in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. It is the only precursor for the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease
characterized by motor dysfunction. Growing evidence has demonstrated that gut dysbiosis …

Dopamine is derived from an amino acid, phenylalanine, which must be obtained through
the diet. Dopamine, known primarily to be a neurotransmitter involved in almost any higher …

Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical
functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has also shown that …

Many recent studies have shown that the gut microbiome plays important roles in human
physiology and pathology. Also, microbiome-based therapies have been used to improve …

Parkinson's disease, as well as other neurodegenerative disorders, are primarily
characterized by pathological accumulation of proteins, inflammation, and neuron loss …

Introduction: The microbiota-gut brain (MGB) axis is the bidirectional communication
between the intestinal microbiota and the brain. An increasing body of preclinical and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative
disorder and is characterised by progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia …

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that presents with nonmotor
and motor symptoms. The nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson's disease often begin years …