Curving biological membranes establishes the complex architecture of the cell and mediates
membrane traffic to control flux through subcellular compartments. Common molecular …

Multicellularity has emerged multiple times in evolution, enabling groups of cells to share a
living space and reducing the burden of solitary tasks. While unicellular organisms exhibit …

Functional regulation and structural maintenance of the different organelles in plants
contribute directly to plant development, reproduction and stress responses. To ensure …

Plasmodesmata are remarkable cellular machines responsible for the controlled exchange
of proteins, small RNAs and signalling molecules between cells. They are lined by the …

In eukaryotes, membrane contact sites (MCS) allow direct communication between
organelles. Plants have evolved a unique type of MCS, inside intercellular pores, the …

Plasmodesmata are intercellular pores connecting together most plant cells. These
structures consist of a central constricted form of the endoplasmic reticulum, encircled by …

Multicellularity differs in plants and animals in that the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and
endomembrane of plants are connected between cells through plasmodesmal pores …

Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic communication channels that are vital for the physiology
and development of all plants. They facilitate the intercellular movement of various cargos …

Highlights•Recent phylogenies reveal that plasmodesmata evolved independently in land
plants.•Plasmodesmatal biogenesis is controlled by several cellular signaling pathways.• …

In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of
plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the …