Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a
fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which …

It is well‏‏ established that macrophages are key regulators of wound healing, displaying
impressive plasticity and an evolving phenotype, from an aggressive pro-inflammatory or" …

Inflammatory processes and microglia activation accompany most of the pathophysiological
diseases in the central nervous system. It is proven that glial pathology precedes and even …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and oncosomes, are nano-
sized particles enclosed by a lipid bilayer. EVs are released by virtually all eukaryotic cells …

A wide variety of cell populations, including both immune and endothelial cells, participate in
the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Among these groups, macrophages deserve special …

Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to a pathological condition caused by a direct or
indirect insult to the optic nerves, which often leads to a partial or permanent vision deficit …

Macrophages and their monocyte precursors mediate innate immune responses and can
promote a spectrum of phenotypes from pro-inflammatory to pro-resolving. Currently, there …

Abstract MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) is a brain specific miRNA that is highly expressed in
microglia. The upregulation of miR-124 contributes to M2 polarization of microglia, which is …

Melatonin is a ubiquitous hormone found in various organisms and highly affects the
function of immune cells. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) represent 2 of the largest sources
of death and disability in the United States. Recent studies have identified TBI as a potential …