Escherichia coli is one of the organisms of choice for the production of recombinant proteins.
Its use as a cell factory is well-established and it has become the most popular expression …

Abstract tRNAs, nexus molecules between mRNAs and proteins, have a central role in
translation. Recent discoveries have revealed unprecedented complexity of tRNA …

Decoding the information in mRNA during protein synthesis relies on tRNA adaptors, the
abundance of which can affect the decoding rate and translation efficiency. To determine …

Recoding—the repurposing of genetic codons—is a powerful strategy for enhancing
genomes with functions not commonly found in nature. Here, we report computational …

INTRODUCTION Design and construction of an extensively modified yeast genome is a
direct means to interrogate the integrity, comprehensiveness, and accuracy of the …

Although the genetic code is redundant, synonymous codons for the same amino acid are
not used with equal frequencies in genomes, a phenomenon termed “codon usage bias.” …

Generating a functional proteome requires the ribosome to carefully regulate disparate co-
translational processes that determine the fate of nascent polypeptides. With protein …

Chromosome-level design-build-test-learn cycles (chrDBTLs) allow systematic
combinatorial reconfiguration of chromosomes with ease. Here, we established chrDBTL …

Nonuniform local translation speed dictates diverse protein biogenesis outcomes. To unify
known and uncover unknown principles governing eukaryotic elongation rate, we …

Translation efficiency has been mainly studied by ribosome profiling, which only provides an
incomplete picture of translation kinetics. Here, we integrated the absolute quantifications of …