Insulin plays a range of roles as an anabolic hormone in peripheral tissues. It regulates
glucose metabolism, stimulates glucose transport into cells and suppresses hepatic glucose …

Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with multiple etiologies and pathological mechanisms,
among which oxidative stress (OS) appears as a major determinant. Intriguingly, OS arises …

Autophagy and apoptosis are basic physiologic processes contributing to the maintenance
of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy encompasses pathways that target long-lived cytosolic …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) should be regarded as a degenerative metabolic disease caused
by brain insulin resistance and deficiency, and overlapping with the molecular, biochemical …

Chemoresistance, whether intrinsic or acquired, is a major obstacle in the treatment of
cancer. The resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs can result from various …

Parkinson disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, is
associated with selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. Although the …

Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the major pathomechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD),
which is closely associated with other key events in neurodegeneration such as …

Nucleic acid protection is a substantial challenge for neurons, which are continuously
exposed to oxidative stress in the brain. Neurons require powerful mechanisms to protect …

Uric acid is commonly known for its bad reputation. However, it has been shown that uric
acid may be actively involved in neurotoxicity and/or neuroprotection. These effects could be …

Fragments of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are released outside the cell and they appear to
persist in extracellular fluids as circulating, cell-free, mtDNA (ccf-mtDNA). When compared to …