The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the
ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in …

Highlights•Optimization plateaus are common when engineering enzymes for higher
catalytic efficiency.•These plateaus relate to fundamental properties of evolutionary fitness …

Protein dynamics are often invoked in explanations of enzyme catalysis, but their design has
proven elusive. Here we track the role of dynamics in evolution, starting from the evolvable …

Insertions and deletions (InDels) are frequently observed in natural protein evolution, yet
their potential remains untapped in laboratory evolution. Here we introduce a transposon …

Expanded genetic code approaches are a powerful means to add new and useful chemistry
to proteins at defined residues positions. One such use is the introduction of non-biological …

The remolding active site loops via residue insertion/deletion as well as substitution is
thought to play a key role in enzyme divergent evolution. However, enzyme engineering by …