Chloroplasts play a crucial role in sustaining life on earth. The availability of over 800
sequenced chloroplast genomes from a variety of land plants has enhanced our …

The small bacterial-type genome of the plastid (chloroplast) can be engineered by genetic
transformation, generating cells and plants with transgenic plastid genomes, also referred to …

Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeted against essential genes can trigger a lethal RNA
interference (RNAi) response in insect pests. The application of this concept in plant …

Artemisinin-based therapies are the only effective treatment for malaria, the most
devastating disease in human history. To meet the growing demand for artemisinin and …

Originating in the Andes, the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was imported to Europe in
the 16th century. At present, it is an important crop plant cultivated all over the world, and its …

Plant cells are ideal bioreactors for the production and oral delivery of vaccines and
biopharmaceuticals, eliminating the need for expensive fermentation, purification, cold …

Plastids (chloroplasts) possess an enormous capacity to synthesize and accumulate foreign
proteins. Here we have maximized chloroplast protein production by over‐expressing a …

The plastid genome (plastome) has proved a valuable source of data for evaluating
evolutionary relationships among angiosperms. Through basic and applied approaches …

Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible or communicable diseases, are caused by
pathogens or parasites that spread in communities by direct contact with infected individuals …

Riboregulators such as riboswitches and RNA thermometers provide simple, protein-
independent tools to control gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In bacteria …