In metazoans, neuronal and endocrine communication is based on the release of
extracellular signalling molecules that are recognised in a physiological concentration range …

Epithelia form the building blocks of many tissue and organ types. Epithelial cells often form
a contiguous 2-dimensional sheet that is held together by strong adhesions. The mechanical …

Avoiding excessive or insufficient immune responses and maintaining homeostasis are
critical for animal survival. Although many positive or negative modulators involved in …

Background The complement component C3a induces degranulation in human mast cells
via the activation of cell surface G protein coupled receptors (GPCR; C3aR). For most …

Tissue morphogenesis arises from controlled cell deformations in response to cellular
contractility. During Drosophila gastrulation, apical activation of the actomyosin networks …

Abstract The Drosophila Toll signaling pathway mainly responds to Gram-positive (G+)
bacteria or fungal infection, which is highly conserved with mammalian TLR signaling …

The Toll signaling pathway plays an important role in the innate immunity of Drosophila
melanogaster and mammals. The activation and termination of Toll signaling are finely …

Background The complement component C3a activates human mast cells via its cell surface
G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) C3aR. For most GPCRs, agonist-induced receptor …

Multicellular organisms depend on a handful of core signaling pathways that regulate a
variety of cell fate choices. Often these relatively simple signals integrate to form a large and …

The strength and duration of the NF-κB signaling response must be tightly modulated to
avoid an inadequate or excessive immune response. Relish, a core NF-κB transcription …