Rocky planets are common around other stars, but their atmospheric properties remain
largely unconstrained. Thanks to a wealth of recent planet discoveries and upcoming …

We review the origin and evolution of the atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars from the
time when their accreting bodies were released from the protoplanetary disk a few million …

Earth has had oceans for nearly four billion years and Mars had lakes and rivers 3.5–3.8
billion years ago. However, it is still unknown whether water has ever condensed on the …

We show that terrestrial planets in the habitable zones of M dwarfs older than∼ 1 Gyr could
have been in runaway greenhouses for several hundred million years following their …

The Hadean eon, following the global-scale melting of the mantle,–, is expected to be a
dynamic period, during which Earth experienced vastly different conditions. Geologic …

One popular view of Venus' climate history describes a world that has spent much of its life
with surface liquid water, plate tectonics, and a stable temperate climate. Part of the basis for …

Water vapour atmospheres with content equivalent to the Earth's oceans, resulting from
impacts or a high insolation,, were found to yield a surface magma ocean,. This was …

The current state and surface conditions of the Earth and its twin planet Venus are drastically
different. Whether these differences are directly inherited from the earliest stages of …

Abstract Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb analyses of zircons from
Paleoarchean (~ 3.4 Ga) tonalite-gneiss called the Older Metamorphic Tonalitic Gneiss …

Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and sulfur are essential elements for life and comprise about 1%
of terrestrial planet masses. These elements dominate planetary surfaces due to their …