Influenza viruses need to use sialic acid receptors to invade host cells, and the α-2, 3 and α-
2, 6 sialic acids glycosidic bonds linking the terminal sialic acids are generally considered to …

Surface plasmon resonance and biolayer interferometry are two common real-time and label-
free assays that quantify binding events by providing kinetic parameters. There is increased …

H5 influenza is considered a potential pandemic threat. Recently, H5 viruses belonging to
clade 2.3. 4.4 b have caused large outbreaks in avian and multiple nonhuman mammalian …

H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally in poultry and have become the
dominant AIV subtype in China in recent years. Previously, we demonstrated that the H9N2 …

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are widespread viruses affecting avian and mammalian species
worldwide. IAVs from avian species can be transmitted to mammals including humans and …

An H7N9 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) emerged in 2013 through genetic
reassortment between H9N2 and other LPAIVs circulating in birds in China. This virus …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) originating from animal reservoirs pose continuous threats to
human health as demonstrated by the Spanish flu pandemic. Infection starts by attachment …

Despite active control strategies, including the vaccination program in poultry, H9N2 avian
influenza viruses possessing mutations in hemagglutinin (HA) were frequently isolated. In …

Understanding how animal influenza A viruses (IAVs) acquire airborne transmissibility in
humans and ferrets is needed to prepare for and respond to pandemics. Here, we …

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing are commonly used to
determine infection status. Typically, the detection of IgM indicates an acute or recent …