In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather
active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical …

Immune tolerance hinders the potentially destructive responses of lymphocytes to host
tissues. Tolerance is regulated at the stage of immature B cell development (central …

The presence of disease-specific autoantibody responses and the efficacy of B cell-targeting
therapies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) indicate a pivotal role for B cells in disease …

The development of therapeutic approaches for the induction of robust, long-lasting and
antigen-specific immune tolerance remains an important unmet clinical need for the …

The mechanisms that drive normal B cell differentiation and activation are frequently
subverted by B cell lymphomas for their unlimited growth and survival. B cells are …

Abstract Complement receptor 2–negative (CR2/CD21−) B cells have been found enriched
in patients with autoimmune diseases and in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) …

IgD emerged soon after IgM at the time of inception of the adaptive immune system. Despite
its evolutionary conservation from fish to humans, the specific functions of IgD have only …

In humans, up to 75% of newly generated B cells and about 30% of mature B cells show
some degree of autoreactivity. Yet, how B cells establish and maintain tolerance in the face …

A role for B cells in autoimmune diseases is now clearly established both in mouse models
and humans by successful treatment of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis with anti …

The specificities of lymphocytes for antigen are generated by a quasi-random process of
gene rearrangement that often results in non-functional or autoreactive antigen receptors …