Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

The Atlantic gateway to the Arctic Ocean is influenced by vigorous inflows of Atlantic Water.
The high-latitude impacts of these inflows have strengthened owing to climate change …

Abstract Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF is producing the
ERA5 reanalysis which, once completed, will embody a detailed record of the global …

Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of
the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the …

Warm water of subtropical origin flows northward in the Atlantic Ocean and transports heat to
high latitudes. This poleward heat transport has been implicated as one possible cause of …

Poleward ocean heat transport is a key process in the earth system. We detail and review
the northward Atlantic Water (AW) flow, Arctic Ocean heat transport, and heat loss to the …

The conterminous marine system of the Bering Sea serves as an important connection
between the Pacific and the Arctic. Surface water temperatures of the Northern Pacific have …

The Arctic warms much faster than other places under increasing greenhouse gases, a
phenomenon known as Arctic amplification (AA). Arctic positive lapse-rate feedback (LRF) …

Arctic climate change has already resulted in amplified and accelerated regional warming,
or the Arctic amplification. Satellite observations have captured this climate phenomenon in …

This study uses advanced numerical and diagnostic methods to evaluate the atmospheric
energy budget with the fifth major global reanalysis produced by ECMWF (ERA5) in …