The human brainstem plays a central role in connecting the cerebrum, the cerebellum and
the spinal cord to one another, hosting relay nuclei for afferent and efferent signaling, and …

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays a critical role in autonomic function and behavioural
responses to threatening stimuli. Recent evidence has revealed the PAG's potential …

Controlled breathwork practices have emerged as potential tools for stress management
and well-being. Here, we report a remote, randomized, controlled study (NCT05304000) of …

Interoception has historically been assessed using behavioural tests of accuracy, self-report
measures or through the characterisation of neural signals underlying interoceptive …

Interoception refers to the sensing of signals concerning the internal state of the body.
Individual differences in interoceptive sensitivity are proposed to account for differences in …

Interoception, the perception of internal bodily states, is thought to be inextricably linked to
affective qualities such as anxiety. Although interoception spans sensory to metacognitive …

There has been increasing interest in using neuroimaging measures to predict psychiatric
disorders. However, predictions usually rely on large brain networks and large disorder …

Background Brainstem-focused mechanisms supporting transcutaneous auricular VNS
(taVNS) effects are not well understood, particularly in humans. We employed ultrahigh field …

The sensation that develops as a long breath hold continues is what this article is about. We
term this sensation of an urge to breathe 'air hunger'. Air hunger, a primal sensation, alerts …

Prediction error, defined by the discrepancy between real and expected outcomes, lies at
the core of associative learning. Behavioural investigations have provided evidence that …