Biopolymers are natural polymers sourced from plants and animals, which include a variety
of polysaccharides and polypeptides. The inclusion of biopolymers into biomedical …

Abstract 3D printing alias additive manufacturing can transform 3D virtual models created by
computer-aided design (CAD) into physical 3D objects in a layer-by-layer manner …

Abstract 3D printed bone scaffolds have the potential to replace autografts and allografts
because of advantages such as unlimited supply and the ability to tailor the scaffolds' …

Background Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise for regenerative
medicine because of their self-renewal, multipotency, and trophic and immunosuppressive …

Cartilage injuries are typically caused by trauma, chronic overload, and autoimmune
diseases. Owing to the avascular structure and low metabolic activities of chondrocytes …

Absorbent polymers or hydrogel polymer materials have an enhanced water retention
capacity and are widely used in agriculture and medicine. The controlled release of …

Annually, millions of patients suffer from irreversible injury owing to the loss or failure of an
organ or tissue caused by accident, aging, or disease. The combination of injectable …

Tissue engineering (TE) has been used as an attractive and efficient process to restore the
original tissue structures and functions through the combination of biodegradable scaffolds …

Cartilage tissue is deprived of intrinsic self-regeneration capability; hence, its damage often
progresses to a chronic condition which reduces the quality of life. Toward the fabrication of …

Hydrogels have existed for more than half century, providing one of the earliest records of
crosslinked hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels. Today, hydrogelsstill fascinate …