The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of
bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial …

Gut-microbial butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) of significant physiological
importance than the other major SCFAs (acetate and propionate). Most butyrate producers …

The gut-brain axis plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis. Many intrinsic and
extrinsic factors influence signaling along this axis, modulating the function of both the …

In a striking display of trans-kingdom symbiosis, gut bacteria cooperate with their animal
hosts to regulate the development and function of the immune, metabolic and nervous …

The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that buoys
intestinal immune responses. AHR induces its own negative regulator, the AHR repressor …

Accumulating evidence indicates that gut transit time is a key factor in shaping the gut
microbiota composition and activity, which are linked to human health. Both population-wide …

Mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that
belongs to the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)–PAS family of transcription factors, which are …

One of the most transformative developments in neurogastroenterology is the realization that
many functions normally attributed to enteric neurons involve interactions with enteric glial …

The gastrointestinal tract is densely innervated by a complex network of neurons that
coordinate critical physiological functions. Here, we summarize recent studies investigating …

Of all microorganisms in the human body, the largest and most complex population resides
in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The gut microbiota continuously adapts to the host …