Autoimmune diseases are a series of diseases involving multiple tissues and organs,
characterized by the over production of abnormal multiple antibodies. Although most studies …

Oxidative stress occurs when there exists an imbalance between the generation and
elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As inevitable exposure to foreign substances …

The nervous system is shielded from circulating immune cells by the blood-brain barrier
(BBB). During infections and autoimmune diseases, macrophages can enter the brain where …

The animal foregut is the first tissue to encounter ingested food, bacteria, and viruses. We
characterized the adult Drosophila foregut using transcriptomics to better understand how it …

Defense against intracellular infection has been extensively studied in vertebrate hosts, but
less is known about invertebrate hosts; specifically, the transcription factors that induce …

Enteric viral co-infections, infections involving more than one virus, have been reported for a
diverse group of etiological agents, including rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus …

Recent advances in insect-pathogen interactions have started to reveal the role of insect
tissues and organs as natural infection routes for parasites and microbial pathogens. Here …

The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model to unravel mechanisms of innate
immunity, in particular in the context of viral infections. RNA interference, and more …

The healthy human gut is a balanced ecosystem where host cells and representatives of the
gut microbiota interact and communicate in a bidirectional manner at the gut epithelium. As …

Bacteria and viruses are both important pathogens causing intestinal infections, and studies
on their pathogenic mechanisms tend to focus on one pathogen alone. However, bacterial …