Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

T cells in the immune system protect the human body from infection by pathogens and clear
mutant cells through specific recognition by T cell receptors (TCRs). Cancer immunotherapy …

Second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) retarget and reprogramme T cells to
augment their antitumour efficacy. The combined activating and co-stimulatory domains …

A hallmark of the immune system is the interplay among specialized cell types transitioning
between resting and stimulated states. The gene regulatory landscape of this dynamic …

Epigenetic information can be inherited through the mammalian germline and represents a
plausible transgenerational carrier of environmental information. To test whether …

The NFAT family of transcription factors encompasses five proteins evolutionarily related to
the Rel/NFκB family (Chytil and Verdine 1996; Graef et al. 2001b). The primordial family …

Programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) is a cell surface molecule that regulates the adaptive immune
response. Engagement of PD‐1 by its ligands PD‐L1 or PD‐L2 transduces a signal that …

To study the cis-and trans-acting factors that mediate programmed death 1 (PD-1) signaling
in primary human CD4 T cells, we constructed a chimeric molecule consisting of the murine …

Since the discovery of the first nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) protein more than a
decade ago, the NFAT family of transcription factors has grown to include five members. It …

Calcium signaling activates the phosphatase calcineurin and induces movement of NFATc
proteins into the nucleus, where they cooperate with other proteins to form complexes on …