Content Summary 414 I. Introduction 415 II. Ca2+ importer and exporter in plants 415 III. The
Ca2+ decoding toolkit in plants 415 IV. Mechanisms of Ca2+ signal decoding 417 V …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger involved in various cellular processes,
leading to plant development and to biotic and abiotic stress responses. Intracellular …

Plants have various self-defense mechanisms against biotic attacks, involving both physical
and chemical barriers. Physical barriers include spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers …

The Ca2+ ion is recognized as a crucial second messenger in signaling pathways coupling
the perception of environmental stimuli to plant adaptive responses. Indeed, one of the …

The calcium-based intracellular signalling system is used ubiquitously to couple
extracellular stimuli to their characteristic intracellular responses. It is becoming clear from …

Abstract The calcium (Ca+ 2) molecules being an important intracellular messenger are
involved in various signal transduction mechanisms in plants. Many external stimuli such as …

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) signaling and dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton are
essential processes for the coordination and control of plant cell shape and cell growth …

Key message We describe here the recent developments about the involvement of diverse
stress-related proteins in sensing, signaling, and defending the cells in plants in response to …

Abstract Calcium ions (Ca 2+) is an important element for plant cells and serve as second
messengers, playing an important role in the regulation of plant physiology, specifically in …

Intracellular changes in calcium ions (Ca2+) in response to different biotic and abiotic stimuli
are detected by various sensor proteins in the plant cell. Calmodulin (CaM) is one of the …