Lack of an adaptive strategy to combat infection creates opportunities for the innate immune
system to guide invertebrate defense mechanisms. The innate immunity signaling cascades …

As important pollinators, bees play a critical role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem
and improving the yield and quality of crops. However, in recent years, the bee population …

Recent declines in bumble bee populations are of great concern and have prompted critical
evaluations of the role of pathogen introductions and host resistance in bee health. One …

Biofilms, sedimented microbial communities embedded in a biopolymer matrix cause vast
majority of human bacterial infections and many severe complications such as chronic …

Bees are associated with a remarkable diversity of microorganisms, including unicellular
parasites, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The application of next-generation sequencing …

Bumble bees represent a taxon with an intermediate level of eusociality within
Hymenoptera. The clear division of reproduction between a single founding queen and the …

It is still not understood how honey bee parasite changes the gene expression to adapt to
the host environment and how the host simultaneously responds to the parasite infection by …

BACKGROUND Acaricide application remains an integral component of integrated pest
management (IPM) for the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Species and strains …

Background Hemocytes are immune cells that patrol the mosquito hemocoel and mediate
critical cellular defense responses against pathogens. However, despite their importance, a …

Background Diet and parasitism can have powerful effects on host gene expression.
However, how specific dietary components affect host gene expression that could feed back …