Immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and T and B cells, express the vitamin
D receptor and 1α-hydroxylase. In vitro studies have shown that 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D …

Vitamin D is responsible for regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism and
maintaining a healthy mineralized skeleton. It is also known as an immunomodulatory …

Vitamin D intervenes in calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone homeostasis.
Experimental studies have shown that 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) generates …

The gut microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and phages, inhabits the
gastrointestinal tract. This commensal microbiota can contribute to the regulation of host …

B cells have been long studied for their role and function in the humoral immune system.
Apart from generating antibodies and an antibody-mediated memory response against …

Ever since its discovery by Windhaus, the importance of the active metabolite of vitamin D (1,
25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3; 1, 25-(OH) 2D 3) has been ever expanding. In this review, the …

The current pandemic due to widespread SARS-CoV-19 infection has again highlighted the
role of obesity, whose global prevalence increased up to 13%, as a risk factor for both …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by central nervous
system (CNS) lesions that can lead to severe physical or cognitive disability as well as …

Bile acids are a group of chemically different steroids generated at the host/microbial
interface. Indeed, while primary bile acids are the end-product of cholesterol breakdown in …

The pleiotropic role of vitamin D has been explored over the past decades and there is
compelling evidence for an epidemiological association between poor vitamin D status and …