Most bacteria attach to biotic or abiotic surfaces and are embedded in a complex matrix
which is known as biofilm. Biofilm formation is especially worrisome in clinical settings as it …

The widespread and injudicious usage of antibiotics to contain pathogenic microbial
infections, coupled with inadequate treatment of wastes containing non-metabolized …

A mobile colistin resistance gene mcr was first reported in 2016 in China and has since
been found with increasing prevalence across South-East Asia. Here we survey the …

Horizontal gene transfer plays a key role in the global dissemination of antimicrobial
resistance (AMR). AMR genes are often carried on self-transmissible plasmids, which are …

The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have imposed a serious
threat on global public health. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) via plasmids is mainly …

Misuse and abuse of antibiotics on humans, cattle, and crops have led to the selection of
multi-resistant pathogenic bacteria, the most feared 'superbugs'. Infections caused by …

Bacterial conjugation is one of the most abundant horizontal gene transfer (HGT)
mechanisms, playing a fundamental role in prokaryote evolution. A better understanding of …

Introduction Many Gram-negative plant-and animal-pathogenic bacteria employ type IV
secretion (T4S) systems to transport proteins or DNA/protein complexes into eukaryotic or …

The high abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the fungicide residual
environment, posing a threat to the environment and human health, raises the question of …

Dissemination of antibiotic resistance, a current societal challenge, is often driven by
horizontal gene transfer through bacterial conjugation. During conjugative plasmid transfer …