People have exploited the biocatalytic potential of microorganisms for centuries to produce
wine, vinegar, bread, and so forth without understanding their biochemical basis. Microbial …

Keratin-rich by-products, ie bristles, horns and hooves, chicken feathers and similar, are a
source of nutrients for animals (amino acids) and plants (N, S). Contemporary developments …

Keratin is a durable, fibrous protein which is mainly present in higher vertebrates (mammals,
birds and reptiles) and humans epithelial cells. Food industry especially the meat market …

Keratinases are exciting proteolytic enzymes that display the capability to degrade the
insoluble protein keratin. These enzymes are produced by diverse microorganisms …

By-products from different animal sources are currently being utilised for beneficial
purposes. Chicken processing plants all over the world generate large amount of solid by …

Feathers are a major by-product of the poultry industry. They are mainly composed of
keratins which have wide applications in different fields. Due to the increasing production of …

Feathers account for 5–7% of the total weight of chicken have become one of the major
pollutants due to their recalcitrant nature. Feather which is constituted of 90% keratin can be …

Keratinases belong to a class of proteases that are able to degrade keratins into amino
acids. Microbial keratinases play important roles in turning keratin-containing wastes into …

Proteases are ubiquitous enzymes that occur in various biological systems ranging from
microorganisms to higher organisms. Microbial proteases are largely utilized in various …

Enormous masses of keratinous wastes are annually accumulated in the environment as
byproducts of poultry processing and agricultural wastes. Keratin is a recalcitrant fibrous …