After several decades, therapeutic cancer vaccines now show signs of efficacy and potential
to help patients resistant to other standard-of-care immunotherapies, but they have yet to …

In the past decade, substantial advances have been made in understanding the biology of
tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), and their clinical relevance is emerging. A …

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging class of cancer therapeutics that offer the benefits
of selective replication in tumour cells, delivery of multiple eukaryotic transgene payloads …

Tumours employ various tactics to adapt and eventually resist immune attack. These
mechanisms are collectively called adaptive immune resistance (AIR). The first defined and …

Microorganisms within the gut and other niches may contribute to carcinogenesis, as well as
shaping cancer immunosurveillance and response to immunotherapy. Our understanding of …

The discovery and clinical implementation of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting
CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1 has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, as recognized by the …

Immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and adoptive cell therapy
(ACT) have revolutionized cancer treatment, especially in patients whose disease was …

Therapeutic cancer vaccines have undergone a resurgence in the past decade. A better
understanding of the breadth of tumour-associated antigens, the native immune response …

Abstract Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are central for the initiation and regulation of
innate and adaptive immunity in the tumor microenvironment. As such, many kinds of DC …

Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of
melanocytes. Although melanoma has long been regarded as a cancerous malignancy with …