Simple Summary Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy caused by aberrant
plasma cell proliferation in the bone marrow (BM) and constitutes the second most common …

Multiple myeloma (MM), a bone marrow–resident hematological malignancy of plasma cells,
has remained largely incurable despite dramatic improvements in patient outcomes in the …

Abstract Anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1) immunotherapy reinvigorates CD8 T cell
responses in patients with cancer but PD-1 is also expressed by other immune cells …

Over the past decades, immunotherapy has demonstrated a prominent clinical efficacy in a
wide variety of human tumors. For many years, apoptosis has been considered a non …

Background Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma cell malignancy that is mostly
restricted to the bone marrow. Cancer-induced dysfunction of cytotoxic T cells at the tumor …

CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein with ectoenzymatic activity involved in regulation of
migration, signal transduction, and receptor-mediated adhesion. CD38 is highly expressed …

Therapeutic blockade of immune checkpoint pathways, in particular cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
associated protein 4 and programmed-death 1 (PD-1), has become a paradigm-shifting …

Two mechanisms are involved in the immune escape of cancer cells: the immunoediting of
tumor cells and the suppression of the immune system. Both processes have been revealed …

Inhibitory molecules such as PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, or TIM-3 play a role to keep a balance in
immune function. However, many cancers exploit such molecules to escape immune …

Some hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma are inherently resistant to
immune-mediated antitumor responses, the cause of which remains unknown. Allogeneic …