Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are discovered as crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Later …

Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of
mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important global health concern that represents a leading
cause of death and disability. It occurs due to direct impact or hit on the head caused by …

Within minutes of a traumatic impact, a robust inflammatory response is elicited in the injured
brain. The complexity of this post-traumatic squeal involves a cellular component …

Macrophages are central to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They constitute
the main source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF and IL-1β, they …

Background Epilepsy is a common and debilitating consequence of traumatic brain injury
(TBI). Seizures contribute to progressive neurodegeneration and poor functional and …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity
worldwide, yet despite extensive efforts to develop neuroprotective therapies for this …

Microglia are the primary mediators of the immune defense system of the CNS and are
integral to the subsequent inflammatory response. The role of microglia in the injured CNS is …

Interleukin-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has numerous biological effects, including
activation of many inflammatory processes (through activation of T cells, for example) …

Traditionally, microglia have been considered to act as macrophages of the central nervous
system. While this concept still remains true it is also becoming increasingly apparent that …