How do brain systems evaluate the affective valence of a stimulus—that is, its quality of
being good or bad? One possibility is that a neural subsystem, or 'module'(such as a …

Stroke is a leading cause of disability. While neurotechnology has shown promise for
improving upper limb recovery after stroke, efficacy in clinical trials has been variable. Our …

A line of evidence suggests that the pathophysiology of dystonia involves the striatum,
whose activity is modulated among other neurotransmitters, by the dopaminergic system …

Dysfunction of goal-directed behaviors under stressful or pathological conditions results in
impaired decision-making and loss of flexibility of thoughts and behaviors, which underlie …

The in vivo firing patterns of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons are controlled by afferent
and intrinsic activity to generate sensory cue and prediction error signals that are essential …

The primate brain is equipped to learn and remember newly encountered visual stimuli such
as faces and objects. In the macaque inferior temporal (IT) cortex, neurons mark the …

To adjust expectations efficiently, prediction errors need to be associated with the precise
features that gave rise to the unexpected outcome, but this credit assignment may be …

Epilepsy is a neurological disease that transpires due to the unusual synchronized neuronal
discharge within the central nervous system, which drives repetitious unprovoked seizures …

Anatomically distinct areas within the basal ganglia encode flexible-and stable-value
memories for visual objects (Hikosaka et al.,), but an important question remains: do they …

A prominent target of the basal ganglia is the superior colliculus (SC) which controls gaze
orientation (saccadic eye movement in primates) to an important object. This 'object choice'is …