Osteoclasts are unique cells that degrade the bone matrix. These large multinucleated cells
differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage upon stimulation by two essential …

CD4 T cells play critical roles in mediating adaptive immunity to a variety of pathogens. They
are also involved in autoimmunity, asthma, and allergic responses as well as in tumor …

Signaling by RANKL is essential for terminal differentiation of monocytes/macrophages into
osteoclasts. The TRAF6 and c-Fos signaling pathways both play important roles …

Since the discovery of the first nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) protein more than a
decade ago, the NFAT family of transcription factors has grown to include five members. It …

OX40 (CD134) and its binding partner, OX40L (CD252), are members of the tumor necrosis
factor receptor/tumor necrosis factor superfamily and are expressed on activated CD4+ and …

Calcium signaling activates the phosphatase calcineurin and induces movement of NFATc
proteins into the nucleus, where they cooperate with other proteins to form complexes on …

The ability of naive T cells to clonally expand and acquire effector functions depends on the
strength of signals received by the T-cell receptor (TCR) and by an array of co-stimulatory …

Chk2 is a protein kinase that is activated in response to DNA damage and may regulate cell
cycle arrest. We generated Chk2-deficient mouse cells by gene targeting. Chk2 …

NFATc1 and NFATc2 are functionally redundant in the immune system, but it was suggested
that NFATc1 is required exclusively for differentiation of osteoclasts in the skeletal system …

The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors, which includes
NFAT1, NFAT2, and NFAT4, are well-known to play important roles in T cell activation. Most …