Abstract Nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) are essential macronutrients for
plant growth and development, and their availability affects crop yield. Compared with N, the …

As sessile organisms, plants must cope with abiotic stress such as soil salinity, drought, and
extreme temperatures. Core stress-signaling pathways involve protein kinases related to the …

Potassium, mostly as a cation (K+), together with calcium (Ca2+) are the most abundant
inorganic chemicals in plant cellular media, but they are rarely discussed. K+ is not a …

Perception of biotic and abiotic stresses often leads to stomatal closure in plants,. Rapid
influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) across the plasma membrane has an important role in this …

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a major reactive oxygen species in unicellular and
multicellular organisms, and is produced extracellularly in response to external stresses and …

Salinity is detrimental to plant growth, crop production and food security worldwide. Excess
salt triggers increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, which activate Ca2+-binding proteins …

Contents Summary 49 I. Introduction 49 II. Physiological and structural characteristics of
plant Ca2+‐permeable ion channels 50 III. Ca2+ extrusion systems 61 IV. Concluding …

Modern agriculture relies on mineral fertilization. Unlike other major macronutrients,
potassium (K+) is not incorporated into organic matter but remains as soluble ion in the cell …

Highlights•ABA triggers a robust signal network that controls stomatal closing.•Guard cell
ABA levels are controlled by biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport.•SnRK2s and CPKs are …

Water is crucial to plant growth and development. Environmental water deficiency triggers
an osmotic stress signalling cascade, which induces short-term cellular responses to reduce …