Appropriate regulatory control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical stress axis is
essential to health and survival. The following review documents the principle extrinsic and …

Lung ventilation fluctuates widely with behavior but arterial PCO 2 remains stable. Under
normal conditions, the chemoreflexes contribute to PaCO 2 stability by producing small …

The lateral parabrachial nucleus is a conduit for visceral signals that cause anorexia. We
previously identified a subset of neurons located in the external lateral parabrachial nucleus …

▪ Abstract Breathing is a vital behavior that is particularly amenable to experimental
investigation. We review recent progress on three problems of broad interest.(i) Where and …

The respiratory response to hypoxia in mammals develops from an inhibition of breathing
movements in utero into a sustained increase in ventilation in the adult. This ventilatory …

It is well known that breathing introduces rhythmical oscillations in the heart rate and arterial
pressure levels. Sympathetic oscillations coupled to the respiratory activity have been …

Central chemoreception traditionally refers to a change in ventilation attributable to changes
in CO 2/H+ detected within the brain. Interest in central chemoreception has grown …

Pontine respiratory nuclei provide synaptic input to medullary rhythmogenic circuits to shape
and adapt the breathing pattern. An understanding of this statement depends on …

Blood gas and tissue pH regulation depend on the ability of the brain to sense CO2 and/or
H+ and alter breathing appropriately, a homeostatic process called central respiratory …

The relative contributions of hypoxia and hypercapnia in causing persistent
sympathoexcitation after exposure to the combined stimuli were assessed in nine healthy …