The transorbital approach (TOA) is gaining popularity in skull base surgery scenarios. This
approach represents a valuable surgical corridor to access various compartments and safely …

THE aim of this paper is to introduce a modular system for classifying the extensions to the
superior eyelid transorbital approach. This classification system categorizes these …

Background The cavernous sinus (CS) is a demanding surgical territory, given its deep
location and the involvement of multiple neurovascular structures. Subjected to recurrent …

Introduction Orbital pathologies requiring surgery are traditionally treated by open approach
with different techniques depending on the lesion location. Recently, minimally invasive …

Introduction The field of neurosurgery faces challenges with the increasing involvement of
other medical specialties in areas traditionally led by neurosurgeons. This paper examines …

Skull base tumors are frequently located in different compartments, thereby portending the
need for combined skull base surgical approaches. Minimal access approaches provide …

Background Transorbital neuroendoscopic (TONES) approaches have been described for
resection of spheno-orbital, cavernous sinus, and Gasserian ganglion lesions. Lesions …

Skull base tumors are frequently located in dif-ferent compartments, thereby portending the
need for combined skull base surgical approaches. Neuroendoscopy plays a major role in …