When a vertebrate skeletal muscle fibre is activated by a nerve impulse, an action potential
spreads from the endplate region along the whole fibre. It enters the transverse tubular …

Skeletal muscle excitation–contraction (EC) coupling is initiated by sarcolemmal
depolarization, which is translated into a conformational change of the dihydropyridine …

Neuromuscular transmission is the process by which motor neurons activate muscle
contraction and thus plays an essential role in generating the purposeful body movements …

During skeletal muscle excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, membrane depolarizations
activate the sarcolemmal voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel (CaV1. 1). CaV1. 1 in turn …

In mammalian cardiomyocytes, Ca 2+ influx through L-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels
(VGCCs) is amplified by release of Ca 2+ via type 2 ryanodine receptors (RyR2) in the …

The larva of the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis possesses only 36 striated muscle
cells and lacks body segmentation. It can swim, however, like a vertebrate tadpole, and how …

The functional separation between skeletal and cardiac muscles, which occurs at the
threshold between vertebrates and invertebrates, involves the evolution of separate …

In this paper we describe changes in spectral reflectivity of the light reflectors (iridophores) of
the squid Alloteuthis subulata. The spectral changes that can be seen in living squid, can …

Glutamate receptor types were examined at the chromatophore synapses of the squids
Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris, where nerve‐induced muscle contraction causes …

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are large homotetrameric protein complexes that mediate the
release of intracellular stores of calcium. Mammals possess three gene copies, RyR1, RyR2 …